(19) Trump’s claim that Korea ‘actually used to be a part of China’ - The Washington Post

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2017/04/19/trumps-claim-that-korea-actually-used-to-be-a-part-of-china/?tid=pm_pop&utm_term=.33dd13086e16

Trump's claim that Korea 'actually used to be a part of China'

Chinese President Xi Jinping and President Trump at Mar-a-Lago on April 6. (Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images)

"He then went into the history of China and Korea. Not North Korea, Korea. And you know, you're talking about thousands of years . . . and many wars. And Korea actually used to be a part of China. And after listening for 10 minutes, I realized that it's not so easy."
— President Trump, interview with the Wall Street Journal, April 12, 2017

This claim was largely buried in news coverage of Trump's wide-ranging interview with the Journal, during which he made numerous flip-flops on several policy areas. But it belatedly went viral in South Korea after a Quartz article Tuesday drew attention to it.

Trump's inartful retelling of Sino-Korean history sparked widespread outrage among Koreans, who are particularly sensitive to the U.S. president's rhetoric amid heightened tensions between North and South Korea. Leaders across the political spectrum criticized Trump's characterization, calling it a clear distortion of history and an attempt to undermine Korean sovereignty.

Trump's phrasing that the Korean Peninsula "actually used to be a part of China" may be his SparkNotes version, not a verbatim account of Xi's history lesson. (The two spoke through interpreters.) The White House did not respond to our request for clarification.

Here's a look at what was misleading about Trump's claim. Perhaps it will help the president avoid future blunders as he wades into northeast-Asian geopolitics. (Full disclosure: This fact-checker was born in Seoul.)

The Facts

Korea has been long intertwined culturally and historically with China but was not under direct and official territorial control by China, despite repeated Chinese invasions.

Xi — and Trump — may have been referring to the tributary system between China and Korea, during which Korea gained protection from China while it was forced to pay "tributes," or gifts. These gifts "signaled a subordinate but still independent position," historian Kyung Moon Hwang wrote in the Korea Times.

The birth of the modern Korean Peninsula can be traced to the mid-seventh century, after the unification of three kingdoms: Goguryeo, Silla and Baekjae. The name "Korea" is derived from "Goguryeo," the original kingdom that is believed to have formed as a political entity as early as the first century B.C.. Goguryeo encompassed what is now Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.

This tributary system began after the three kingdoms united with the help of China, and it lasted, with exception, from roughly the seventh century to the 19th century.

"This worked in preventing the Chinese from taking further military action, but it did not always work in stopping other peoples who wanted to rule China from threatening and invading Korea," wrote Hwang, author of "A History of Korea."

There were two points in history when the Korean Peninsula came close to being absorbed into the Chinese civilization, according to Hwang. One was during the Han dynasty, through a system called "commanderies" of northern parts of the Korean Peninsula under Goguryeo. This was more of a colonial system, but Quartz noted that Chinese researchers "have tried to argue that this places Korea within 'Chinese local history.' "

The other time was in the 13th century during the Goryeo era, under Mongolian rule of both China and Korea. Hwang wrote: "For nearly a century Mongol-controlled China treated Goryeo somewhat like a colony, directly controlling its northern territories and constantly interfering in Goryeo's internal affairs; in fact the Mongol emperor in Beijing even determined Goryeo's monarch, whose ancestry, beginning with his mother, was usually more Mongol than Korean."

Trump's description echoes a Chinese nationalist version and ignores the competing interpretations of the relations among Korea, China and Japan. Tensions between Koreans and Chinese over whether China exerted territorial control over Goguryeo blew over about a decade ago — when a Chinese government-backed group sought to rewrite the history of ancient Chinese influence in northeast Asia, particularly in Korea. Koreans saw this as an effort to recast them as political subjects of China, and South Korea started its own competing government-backed project to research the history of Goguryeo. In the face of growing controversy, China promised South Korea it would not revise its textbooks, according to the Atlantic.

This is not the first time Trump and his administration has ignored nationalist sensitivities in East Asia, particularly regarding South Korea.

In March, when North Korea fired ballistic missiles into the body of water between the Korean Peninsula and Japan, administration officials used the name preferred by the Japanese government ("Sea of Japan") with no acknowledgment of the naming dispute for the body of water or alternative names. In response to a display of North Korean missiles this month, Trump claimed the USS Carl Vinson was headed toward North Korea when the vessel was actually traveling in the opposite direction.

The Pinocchio Test

We're not going to rate Trump's claim, since it's unclear whether Trump was actually quoting Xi or instead misunderstood what he was told. But his flippant reference to the Chinese-centric version of Sino-Korean relations was careless, at best.

If Trump was actually referring to the tributary system between Korea and China, then he left out a significant amount of context that distorted the relationship between them. Korea and China have long been intertwined, geopolitically and culturally. But Korea, or even Goguryeo, was not a spinoff of China, as he made it seem.

Korea has its own unique roots and history. It would be worthwhile for the president to get his history lesson from Korean experts, perhaps at the State Department, rather than potentially self-serving accounts from foreign leaders.

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