sábado, 1 de abril de 2017

(16) Irán, un país sin agua -Esglobal - Esglobal - Política, economía e ideas sobre el mundo en español




Irán, un país sin agua


Reserva de agua a 70 kilómetros al noreste de Teherán, en Irán. Hamidreza Dastjerdi/AFP/Getty Images
Ni Israel ni Arabia Saudí ni Estados Unidos, la gran amenaza a la seguridad de la República Islámica podría llegar de la dramática escasez de recursos hídricos en su territorio. 
Los muelles que alguna vez sirvieron para amarrar las embarcaciones que navegaban en el lago Urmia se han convertido en esqueletos roídos. Los botes que transportaban a los turistas que visitaban este lago de 5.200 kilómetros cuadrados permanecen abandonados en lo que hoy es un terreno blanco y resquebrajado. Y la sal que ha quedado se recopila para ser vendida, a pesar de la prohibición del Gobierno iraní. Este escenario catastrófico es consecuencia de la desaparición del 95% (dato que maneja el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente iraní y otras organizaciones) de las aguas del lago salado más grande de Oriente Medio por motivos que incluyen el mal uso de los recursos hídricos, el cambio climático y decisiones políticas equivocadas.
El mismo panorama se repite desde hace más de una década en la tercera ciudad de Irán, Isfahán, donde el cauce del río Sayandé ha terminado por convertirse en un desierto adornado por los imponentes puentes construidos siglos atrás para unir las dos partes de la urbe. El agua sólo regresa en algunos periodos del año cuando las autoridades la dejan correr, muchas veces motivados por decisiones políticas que tienden a calmar los ánimos de una población que protesta por la sequía.
Para la gente de la región no es un secreto que los agricultores de las zonas altas, cercanas a los montes Zagros, se apropian del agua del río y que ésta se canaliza hacía áreas desérticas de Irán, como las provincias de Yazd o Kermán. En estas zonas los recursos hídricos se destinan a cultivos agrícolas, como el pistacho, y para suplir grandes industrias que se han creado en esas partes en los últimos tiempos. La indignación de los agricultores de la provincia de Isfahán, donde se han secado más de 10.000 hectáreas, los ha llevado a realizar grandes protestas en el pasado. Lo mismo ha sucedido en las región de Tabriz, que bordea la parte este del Lago Urmia. Pero muchos temen que estas protestas puedan ser mayores en el futuro. Si bien el lago Urmia y el río Sayandé son las dos grandes catástrofes naturales del país, no son los únicas. Esta es una tendencia que se repite a lo largo del territorio iraní.
La escasez de agua ha pasado a ser un asunto de seguridad nacional en Irán. Incluso muchos aseguran que la gran amenaza para la República Islámica no proviene de Israel, Estados Unidos o Arabia Saudí, sino de la dramática reducción de sus recursos hídricos. El presidente iraní, Hasán Rohaní, aseguró desde los inicios de su gobierno en 2013 que los problemas de agua sólo se solucionarían con la "voluntad nacional" y puso en marcha un programa para recuperar los recursos hídricos del país.  Pero no es una meta fácil de cumplir.
El debilitamiento de la economía, en parte causado por las sanciones que pesan contra el país debido al programa nuclear, hace aún más complicado poner en práctica una campaña estructural que ayude a solucionar el problema. Se suma el extenso programa de subsidios que ha funcionado en el país en las últimas décadas y que creó una cultura del uso indiscriminado de los servicios básicos, como el agua. Esto llevó al sector industrial, población civil, pero especialmente a los agricultores –que consumen el 90% de las reservas–a no controlar su consumo. Una tendencia que no ha sido fácil de cambiar a pesar de las campañas de racionalización puestas en marcha.
El crecimiento de la población y el cambio climático tampoco han ayudado. Al tiempo que el número de habitantes se ha duplicado desde la victoria de la Revolución Islámica en 1979, el agua que proviene de las lluvias ha disminuido más del 16%. En los buenos tiempos Irán solía recibir 200 mililitros de precipitaciones anuales, una proporción mucho menor que el promedio mundial. A esto se suma que el 75% de las lluvias caen en un territorio que corresponde al 25% del país.
Según expertos, alrededor de 12 de las 31 provincias que conforman Irán tendrán que ser evacuadas en los próximos 20 años si la tendencia continúa. "Cincuenta millones de iraníes, 70% de la población, no tendrán otra opción que dejar el país", aseguró días atrás el ex ministro de Agricultura Issa Kalantari, que actualmente es asesor en materia de agua de la Vicepresidencia. Según Kalantari, Irán está expuesto a una crisis sólo equiparable a la de Egipto, otro Estado que también hace un uso excesivo de los recursos hídricos. "Sin embargo, la explotación que hace Egipto del agua es del 46% mientras que Irán lo hace del 97%", aseguró el ex ministro. España, explicó, sólo hace uso del 25%.
"Ya ni siquiera podemos usar el agua subterránea. Está llena de minerales", explicaba meses atrás Aziz, un campesino que tiene un viñedo en la cercanía del lago Urmia, región que es considerada la canasta de alimentos de Irán. La bomba de agua que utiliza Aziz es una de las 80.000 que operan en las regiones aledañas al lago, donde la agricultura se ha triplicado, según organizaciones ecologistas, en los últimos años bajo un sistema que defiende la autosuficiencia. Según la legislación de la República Islámica, los dueños de las parcelas también tienen la propiedad del subsuelo. Todo esto dificulta el control de los sistemas de riego inadecuados. A ello se suma la construcción de múltiples represas a lo largo del país, que muchas veces han tenido efectos nefastos.
"Si los abriéramos hoy el lago no se llenaría ni siquiera un 10%", afirmaba Omid Bonabi, experto de la Organización de Protección Ambiental de Urmia, encargada de vigilar proyectos de recuperación del lago. Bonabi asegura que se ha puesto en marcha una estrategia de choque para recuperar el agua.
Según las cifras presentadas por el Gobierno iraní se necesitan 4.000 millones de dólares –ya se han entregado 738 millones de dólares– y  3,1 billones de metros cúbicos para que el lago recupere su normalidad. Los expertos, sin embargo, aseguran que será una misión imposible mientras continúe el desequilibrio entre el consumo y el agua que se necesita para recuperar Urmia.
La misma historia se repite en el resto de Irán. Por el momento, se han puesto en marcha campañas para suplir con agua desalinizada las regiones cercanas al mar Caspio y promover el uso de aguas residuales en la agricultura.  Pero son proyectos que todavía necesitan ser impulsados con mayor determinación.  Y es que la pregunta que surge con frecuencia en el país está relacionada con la fortaleza política del Gobierno para impulsar las medidas de choque necesarias. Muchos temen que no tiene capacidad para soportar las presiones que llegan del Parlamento, de mayoría conservadora.
Y es que sumado a los problemas existentes, se agrega que el ex presidente Mahmud Ahmadineyad, en otra de sus políticas populistas, descentralizó el manejo de los recursos hídricos. Fue así como el agua pasó a convertirse en un comodín para los políticos locales. Esto hace que las elecciones parlamentarias de febrero de 2016 tengan una trascendencia aún mayor. El presidente Rohaní y sus aliados reformistas necesitan ganar el mayor número de escaños posibles para poder impulsar políticas que ayuden a cambiar la dinámica del mal uso de estos recursos, entre otros.
Y es que más allá de firmar un acuerdo sobre el programa nuclear con Estados Unidos y el resto del grupo de los 5 + 1 –conformado por los integrantes del Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas más Alemania–, el gran reto de este Gobierno es tomar las medidas necesarias para evitar que Irán se convierta en un desierto inhabitable en la próximas décadas. Este escenario no sólo tendría como consecuencia una movilización social de consecuencias catastróficas para el país y el resto de la región, sino que sería la peor derrota para los persas. Fueron sus antepasados, al fin y al cabo, quienes se inventaron el qanat–una estructura de canales subterráneos procedentes de las montañas–, que por siglos ha sido utilizado para surtir de agua las tierras desérticas. No sólo del territorio que comprende lo que hoy es Irán, sino de todas aquellas culturas que fueron influenciados por los persas.

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(15) Indian Strategic Studies: Decoding Chabahar




Decoding Chabahar

Naveen Kumar Prabhakar Source Link Chabahar and Gwadar; Do these names rings bell in your mind? These two are small ports of Iran and Pakistan respectively. Both these cities are in the news since last two weeks and are becoming the new centers of economic warfare between two giants of Asia - India and China; the battlefield has shifted from building their infrastructure within the country to build outside. Not far from Gwadar is Chabahar Port. Gwadar's main competitor in this region and better positioned to connect with Central Asian Republics and Afghanistan. And this is where India comes in picture. Chabahar port plays an important role in India's Central Asian Diplomacy. Connecting landlocked Afghanistan to Chabahar Port is a major part of India's $750 million USD aid to Afghanistan. Chabahar-Milak-Zaranj-Dilaram route is under construction by India and has already spent about $100 million USD to build a 220-km (140-mile) road in western Afghanistan to link up with Chabahar Port in Iran. India, Iran and Afghanistan has signed tripartite agreement for giving preferential treatment to Indian goods heading for Afghanistan and other Central Asian Republics. With no immediate solution in place for the ambitious Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline in near future India and Iran discussing laying pipeline in the bed of Arabian sea bypassing Pakistan.  If this plan takes place, this will give the energy starved India a direct access to Natural Gas reserves of Central Asian Republics especially Turkmenistan. Chabahar port will also facilitate a multi-modal transport link between Indian west coast ports and Russia via Astrakhan by a strategic partnership between India, Iran and Russia.



Chabahar and Gwadar; Do these names rings bell in your mind? These two are small ports of Iran and Pakistan respectively. Both these cities are in the news since last two weeks and are becoming the new centers of economic warfare between two giants of Asia - India and China; the battlefield has shifted from building their infrastructure within the country to build outside.


Not far from Gwadar is Chabahar Port. Gwadar's main competitor in this region and better positioned to connect with Central Asian Republics and Afghanistan. And this is where India comes in picture. Chabahar port plays an important role in India's Central Asian Diplomacy. Connecting landlocked Afghanistan to Chabahar Port is a major part of India's $750 million USD aid to Afghanistan. Chabahar-Milak-Zaranj-Dilaram route is under construction by India and has already spent about $100 million USD to build a 220-km (140-mile) road in western Afghanistan to link up with Chabahar Port in Iran.
India, Iran and Afghanistan has signed tripartite agreement for giving preferential treatment to Indian goods heading for Afghanistan and other Central Asian Republics. With no immediate solution in place for the ambitious Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline in near future India and Iran discussing laying pipeline in the bed of Arabian sea bypassing Pakistan. 



If this plan takes place, this will give the energy starved India a direct access to Natural Gas reserves of Central Asian Republics especially Turkmenistan. Chabahar port will also facilitate a multi-modal transport link between Indian west coast ports and Russia via Astrakhan by a strategic partnership between India, Iran and Russia. 



(14) 5 Maps That Show China's Biggest Limitations | Zero Hedge




5 Maps That Show China's Biggest Limitations

As we wrote about in "China's Strategy," East Asia is split into four parts: The Pacific archipelago, the Chinese mainland, the Korean Peninsula, and Indochina. East Asia holds the second and third largest world economies: China and Japan. The relationship between them and the US define modern East Asian geopolitics.

China's Power Can Be Seen from Outer Space

The above map shows the countries of East Asia lit up at night. It reveals much about the power dynamics in this region. The centers of Chinese wealth and power—including Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong—all hug China's long coastline. Geographic features in the interior divide the country. The rest of the country is in darkness.
Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan are major industrial powers that border these waters along China's coast. Much of the rest of East Asia is in darkness. North Korea's darkness is particularly striking.
But relative to the bright lights of China's coast and Japan, much of Indochina and inner China are also undeveloped.

Western China Is Nearly Uninhabitable

The below map shows population density in China with the 15-inch isohyet overlaid on top.
The area of China from this line to the coast gets enough rain to support a large population. North and west of the 15-inch isohyet, China is less populated and undeveloped.

Geography Limits China's Expansion

The distance from Beijing to Kazakhstan is almost 2,500 miles through desert and mountains. The Himalayas box China in on the southwest. They also stop conflict between India and China.
Jungles on the border with Myanmar, Vietnam, and Thailand have always limited Chinese growth south.
It is hard for China to grow westward. When China's power is ascendant, it can grow north, south, or east toward the Pacific. This is easier said than done. Japan continues to be the major regional power. China would still face certain defeat against Japan, especially with US support of the Japanese.
So, China is mainly focused on two things. Controlling its chaotic domestic political and economic situation as growth rates have slowed. And building its military. First for resistance and then for offensive action in the region.

The Chinese Navy Is in No Position to Take Action

The Chinese navy is still a decade away from exerting power over the islands, rocks, and shoals that limit China's freedom to navigate along its coast.
Many countries around China have claims over these islands. The region's other major players—Japan and South Korea—are both key US allies. They host large and permanent US military deployments. And like we recently mentioned, the Philippines recently welcomed back US forces to their bases.
This situation has created a stalemate. The US has no desire for a bad relationship with China. But it also doesn't want any power to control the region. And China still cannot challenge US hegemony in the seas.
As we've discussed before, it talks of nationalism in the South China Sea mostly for domestic consumption. Japan and the other East Asian countries view China with increasing concern. They remain staunch US allies as a result.

North Korea Is China's Bargaining Chip

When we wrote about the North Korean strategy, we said that North Korea appears dangerous with its nuclear weapons tests and its sly, bigoted strongman regime built around a top leader. Kim Jong Un is that leader and he has been consolidating his power.
North Korea happens to also be one of the few areas China is weak. The Chinese intervened in the Korean War when US forces neared the Yalu River on the border between North Korea and China.
North Korea's unpredictable behavior gives China a big bargaining chip in its relations with the US and the region. So, China favors keeping the status quo.

China's Limitations Determine the Future of East Asia

East Asia is the world's most dynamic economic region. Strong countries surround bodies of water over which there is competition. These are some of the world's most important sea lanes. Japan and China (in that order) are the region's two most significant powers.
But as we wrote about last year, the most powerful country in the Pacific, the US, is far away. Its Navy patrols and keeps freedom of movement across the Pacific. At the center of this power struggle is China. China's struggle against its domestic and geographic constraints is the key to understanding the future of this region.
*  *  *
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(13) FOCUS: Was Michael Flynn Russia's "Primary Channel of Communication With the Trump Team"?




Was Michael Flynn Russia's "Primary Channel of Communication With the Trump Team"?

By Juan Cole, Informed Comment
01 April 17
ormer National Security Adviser to president Trump, Lt. Gen. (ret.) Michael Flynn, has allegedly offered to testify before the House Intelligence Committee on Russia's role in the US election, on condition that he is granted immunity from prosecution.
This development could be important, because Flynn was called by Russian analyst Vladimir Frolov, known for pro-Moscow journalism, one of "primary channels of communication with the Trump team" for the Russian government.
Frolov's assertion was given some weight by the reactions in Moscow to Flynn's firing in mid-February, according to the Moscow Times:
"Konstantin Kosachev, the head of the foreign affairs committee in the upper house of the Russian parliament, wrote that 'Russophobia had permeated the White House.'
Duma deputy Alexei Pushkov tweeted that 'it was not Flynn who was targeted but relations with Russia.'
That such high level Russian government officials complained so bitterly about the loss of their asset, Flynn, is more than suspicious. Pushkov seems to have thought that US-Russian relations depended on Flynn being on the NSC.
Flynn had visited Moscow in 2015 and was seated with Vladimir Putin at a gala in celebration of the founding in 2000 of Russia Today, the Russian government-owned cable news channel. Flynn was allegedly paid tens of thousands of dollars for this appearance. Since he is a retired general, he should not have taken money from a foreign government and/or should have reported it, since officers can always be called back up.
Then there are allegations that Flynn began meeting with Russian ambassador to the US Sergey Kislyak. After the Trump victory, which many believe was orchestrated by Russian cyber-cons, Flynn was in regular contact with Kislyak. He called him 5 times on Christmas Day. In a later telephone conversation, Flynn is alleged to have reassured Kislyak that new Obama sanctions would be reversed by the Trump administration.
The Moscow Times writes:
"Russian analyst Dmitry Suslov says Flynn's five phone conversations with the ambassador on the day of sanctions were nothing out of the ordinary. 'It was necessary for him to guarantee a smooth transition and devise a foreign policy for the administration,' says Suslov."
Soon after Flynn's resignation, on Feb. 20, Tatyana Stanovaya, director of the Analysis Department at the Center for Political Technologies, wrote at Politcom.ru, according to BBC Monitoring, " Michael Flynn's resignation has come as a great disappointment to Russia, since his name was linked to some degree to hopes of a future warming of relations and a review of the sanctions regime."
On Feb. 23, Viktor Olevich wrote in Izvestia, according to BBC Monitoring, that Trump letting Flynn go was "a sign of weakness." He added that Flynn believed that the US could not simultaneously confront China, Iran and other threats and also handle Russia. Olevich wrote,
"In terms of America's national interests Flynn was an advocate of detente in relations with Moscow . . . He saw opportunities for fruitful cooperation with Russia in the fight against Islamist terrorist groupings in the Middle East. At the same time, the retired general pursued the goal of driving a wedge between Moscow and Tehran, of detaching Russia from its strategic partners and allies."
So Flynn is alleged by this Russian pundit to have sought, by his contacts with Russia, to detach Moscow from Tehran and to free the US to concentrate on China.

(12) Sino-US ties back on track after Tillerson visit - Global Times




Sino-US ties back on track after Tillerson visit

Illustration: Liu Rui/GT

US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson has just concluded his first visit to Beijing since taking office early March. During his trip, Tillerson met Chinese President Xi Jinping and other senior officials.

Tillerson's trip is an indication that the Sino-US relationship has returned to normal and is expected to continue to grow.

The term "normal" implies that the US President Donald Trump's administration agreed to honor the one-China policy, which is regarded as the foundation for the diplomatic relations between China and the US, as well as between the former and any other countries. At this point, no exceptional case can be found.

China and the US are two different countries populated by different peoples. Naturally, there are some conflicts between the two, yet I am quite optimistic about the development of their bilateral relationship.

On his official trip, Tillerson agreed with his Chinese host on non-confrontation, non-conflict, mutual respect and win-win cooperation between the two countries.

It can be considered as a positive sign for the two countries to build a new relationship model featuring mutual respect and no confrontations.

Perhaps some Americans may worry about China's rise.

But geopolitically speaking, the two countries should not see each other as enemies or threats. In the future, if people were to revisit what happened today, I hope they may find it to be the start of friendship, not hostility.

Looking at the current process of the re-industrialization in the US, I don't think it is a threat to China. In the meantime, China's economic growth mainly relies on its own governance, such as the rise in its productivity and the trade-offs between income growth and distribution, and the global environment.

The recent events in the two countries indicate that a trade war between them will be avoidable in the coming months. Because the two countries are nearly equals as economic powerhouses, neither can benefit from a trade war. 

Yet, trade disputes may erupt between them. But any major conflict should be avoided.

There are some conflicting issues between China and the US.

The Taiwan question is a matter of China's internal affair which, however, is of great interest to the US. The reunification between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan is expected to take place within the next two decades. Washington should be aware of this irreversible trend.

Regarding North Korea' nuclear and missile programs, China and the US hold similar positions on some issues but have different tactics in dealing with them.

There is no nuclear country which is willing to give up its nuclear weapons. If the US were to disarm North Korea' nuclear weapons by military force, it would end in a disaster.

Besides, China is unwilling to interfere in North Korea's domestic affairs other than the implementation of the UN resolutions, such as economic sanctions mandated by the UN.

Finally, the THAAD deployment in South Korea could be in retaliation to the nuclear tests conducted by North Korea. But from the perspective of Beijing, the deployment of the missile defense system in the Korean Peninsula is a security threat to China.

Hence, the two powers should come to a more mutual understanding over this matter. At this stage, and after Tillerson's Asia trip, the issue has not yet been resolved.

During Tillerson's trip, the Chinese host and American visitor both showed their enthusiasm for enhancing the bilateral relationship, through maintaining top-level communications.

Keeping his "making America great again" promise and probably avoiding any embarrassment overseas, Trump has not been abroad after taking office. But he will soon attend the G20 conference in Munich and is planning to visit the UK.

Leaders of several countries have already paid their visits to the US and had talks with the new president.

It was reported that Xi and Trump both look forward to meeting each other.

I can imagine that if Trump visits China, he will not face any massive demonstrations and the Chinese will not embarrass their visitor.

The author is a commentator based in Hong Kong. opinion@globaltimes.com.cn

(11) Fwd: China-US military ties key to peace - Global Times



(10) Fwd: La amenaza del 'aterrador arsenal' de Rusia, al descubierto por el diario The Times

https://mundo.sputniknews.com/defensa/201704011068027506-rusia-armas-presupuesto-militar-reino-unido/

(09) Middle East increasingly important to China’s global strategy: report - People's Daily Online




http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/0401/c90000-9198249.html

    Saturday, Apr 1, 2017
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Middle East increasingly important to China's globalstrategyreport

(People's Daily Online)    17:39, April 01, 2017
The Middle East has for the first time become a key part of China's global strategyas theregion is increasingly intertwined with the Middle Kingdom in East Chinaaccording to areport published in Beijing on April 1.
The report pointed out that China is the only major power that has not made significantmistakes on Middle East policy in the past 20 yearsas the nation stays proactive ineconomic policy but cautious and conservative when it comes to political security.
"Syria and Iraqthe heartland of the Arab world and the Middle Eastwhose politicalorders have been running since World War Iare close to breaking downThe IslamicState remains rampantMore than half of Syrians are now refugeesKurdish regions inIraq present more and more as a sovereign stateChaos in the Arab world has a greatimpact on the world orderits future development and prospects will keep attractingglobal attention," the report statedIt was jointly issued by the Arab Countries Institute atNingxia University and Social Sciences Academic Press.
As China's role and presence in global affairs growsso too does its responsibility to weighin on the tense regional conflicts in the Middle Eastwhich affect the whole worldaccording to the report.
"For the first time in historyChina simultaneously possesses important politicaleconomic and security interests in the Middle East," the report notedcalling for acompleteclear and consistent policy on the region.
The report observed that the U.Shas been resolute in absenting itself from the regionwhile Russia has demonstrated a consistent will to interveneHoweverthe two majorpowers were in tacit agreement on fighting ISIS and the Syria issueSpecificallythe reportwarned that ISIS is now like a pent-up beastputting up a desperate fightwhile alsochanging its strategy to launch separatesolo attacksThis means that the internationalcommunity should not only brace for the return of terrorismbut also focus on fightingreligious extremists.
The report also noted that Islamphobiawhich rose from anti-terror campaigns due to amisunderstanding of the difference between Islam and extremist religious viewscould infact worsen the situation and ultimately benefit terrorists

(For the latest China news, Please follow People's Daily on Twitter and Facebook)(Web editor: Jiang Jie, Bianji)

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